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Asphalt shingle
An asphalt shingle is a type of wall or roof shingle. They are one of the most widely used roofing covers in North America because they have a relatively inexpensive up-front cost and are fairly simple to install. Use of such shingles for habitable structures is virtually unknown (or even prohibited) elsewhere, for example in Europe, although they are used for outhouses.
==History==
Asphalt shingles are an American invention first used in 1901, in general use in parts of America by 1911 and by 1939 11 million squares of shingles were being produced.〔William C. Cullen, "The Evolution of Asphalt Shingles: Survival of the Fittest? ''Professional Roofing'', June 1992 R4-R8. Print. http://2005.nrca.net/rp/technical/files/1748.pdf accessed 12/20/2013〕 The forerunner of these shingles was first developed in 1893 and called ''asphalt prepared roofing'' which was similar to asphalt roll roofing without the surface granules.〔Craig R Dixon, et al.. "An Historical Perspective on the Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles" http://www.rci-online.org/interface/2012-05-dixon-masters-prevatt-gurley.pdf accessed 12/20/2013〕 In 1897 slate granules were added to the surface to make the material more durable. Types of granules tested have included mica, oyster shells, slate, dolomite, fly-ash, silica and clay. In 1901 this material was first cut into strips for use as one-tab and multi-tab shingles.
All shingles were organic at first with the base material, called felt, being primarily cotton rag until the 1920s when cotton rag became more expensive and alternative materials were used. Other organic materials used as the felt included wool, jute or manila, and wood pulp.〔"Asphalt Shingle Question in Boston: Report to the Mayor of Boston by Building Commissioner O'Hearn", Safety Engineering, Volume 32〕 In 1926 the Asphalt Shingle and Research Institute with the National Bureau of Standards tested twenty two types of experimental felts and found no significant differences in performance. In the 1950s self-sealing and manually applied adhesives began to be used to help prevent wind damage to shingle roofs. The design standard was for the self-sealing strips of adhesive to be fully adhered after sixteen hours at 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Also in the 1950s testing on the use of 3/4 inch staples rather than roofing nails was carried out showing they could perform as well as nails but with six staples compared with four nails.〔 In 1960 fiberglass mat bases were introduced with limited success, the lighter more flexible shingles proved to be more susceptible to wind damage particularly at freezing temperatures. Also in the 1960s research into hail damage which was found to occur when hail reach a size larger than 1.5 inches.
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA) formed the High Wind Task Force in 1990 to continue research to improve shingle wind resistance.〔Craig R Dixon, dissertation "THE WIND RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT ROOFING SHINGLES" http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0046235/00001 - University of Florida 2013〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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